A review on new cobalt-free cathode materials for reversible solid oxide fuel cells

The exponential growth in the requirement of fuel cells and batteries leads to increased demand for cobalt due its common use high-performance Li-ion high-temperature cells/electrolyzers. This sharp increment raises concern about availability limited reserves which can impact price cobalt. Moreover, geographic limitations resources may endanger whole supply chain. In addition all those, huge moral issues mining are also another problem. Hence, leading battery, electrolyzer manufacturers looking sustainable alternatives reduce dependency. A more specific limitation is shown Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) cathode materials that contain Incompatibilities have already been observed between containing electrolytes terms thermal expansion coefficient mismatch during transition operating temperature from high low. An advantage low temperatures reduction material costs compared temperature. Increasing electrochemical performance cell eliminating difference problems concert aimed at development cobalt-free materials. Therefore, vital sustainability SOFCs green energy sector since they be used as anode symmetrical known reversible SOFC (RSOFC). this review, we comprehensively summarize recent advances perovskite intermediate RSOFCs.